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1948 Bermuda–Newfoundland hurricane
The 1948 Bermuda hurricane (Air Weather Service designation: Dog) was an intense and long-lived Cape Verde-type tropical cyclone that wrought significant damage to Bermuda and areas of Newfoundland in September 1948. The storm was the eighth named storm and third hurricane of the annual hurricane season. Originating as a tropical wave off the coast of Africa on September 4, the cyclone tracked a general westward path for much of its initial stages as it gradually intensified, reaching tropical storm intensity shortly after development and then hurricane intensity a day later. After reaching a longitude roughly equal to that of the Lesser Antilles, the hurricane began to curve northward on a parabolic track, bringing it near Bermuda at peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on September 13. Afterwards, the hurricane began to accelerate northeastwards and weaken. The waning tropical cyclone grazed Cape Race before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 15; these remnants persisted for an additional day.
Despite never making landfall, the tropical cyclone disrupted numerous shipping lanes and inflicted damage on Bermuda and Newfoundland. In the former, the hurricane brought winds in excess of , downing power lines and felled trees. Property damage also resulted from the strong winds. Overall damage on the island totaled $400,000. After passing west of Bermuda, the tropical cyclone tracked across numerous shipping lanes. Two ships, the ''Leicester'' and ''Gaspar'', encountered the hurricane and became stricken in open waters. Though most people were rescued from both ships, six people perished on the former while one died on the latter. Beginning on September 15, the hurricane tracked east of Newfoundland, producing heavy rainfall on land. The precipitation flooded roads and caused streams to overflow, inundating additional areas. On the island, two people were killed. Overall, the hurricane caused eight fatalities.
==Meteorological history==
On September 3, the tropical wave from which the resulting hurricane would develop from was detected just off the coast of western Africa near Dakar. This marked the second consecutive year in which a tropical cyclone could be traced back as far east as Africa. In HURDAT – the official database for tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic dating back to 1851 Atlantic hurricane season – the area of disturbed weather is estimated to have organized into a tropical storm by 0600 UTC the following day. Over the course of the succeeding week, the tropical cyclone moved in a general westward direction as it gradually intensified, reaching hurricane intensity by 0000 UTC on September 5 and then attaining the equivalent of a modern-day Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale at 0600 UTC on September 8. Up until this time, its existence and trek across the central Atlantic was only inferred, however, aircraft reconnaissance detected and as such confirmed the existence of the tropical cyclone the following day while the hurricane was situated approximately east of Antigua.〔 Operationally, however, the reconnaissance flight significantly underestimated the winds of the tropical cyclone, with estimates of tropical storm-force winds at the storm's center.
Thereafter, the hurricane began curving northward as it continued to intensify, reaching the equivalent of a modern-day Category 3 hurricane – a major hurricane – by September 11. Two days later, the storm strengthened further into a Category 4 hurricane. As no reasonably quantifiable strengthening occurred afterwards, this also marked the storm's official peak intensity as maximum sustained winds were analyzed at . However, aircraft reconnaissance estimated wind speeds of at least at roughly the same time frame. The storm's northward recurvature caused it to track just west of Bermuda late on September 13.〔 Afterwards, a weakening trend began as the hurricane tracked northeastward into more northerly latitudes. By September 15, the storm had been downgraded to minimal hurricane intensity. After passing south of Cape Race later that day, the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and continued to track northward until it was last noted by 1800 UTC the next day near Greenland. During the storm's twelve-day trek, the hurricane tracked approximately , roughly equidistant to the distance between New York and London.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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